Quantitative comparison of wideband low-latency phase-locked loop circuit designs for high-speed frequency modulation atomic force microscopy

• Kazuki Miyata and
• Takeshi Fukuma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1844–1855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.176

• dissolution process; frequency modulation atomic force microscopy; high-speed atomic-resolution imaging; phase-locked loop; Introduction Frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) is a powerful tool for investigating atomic- and molecular-scale structures of sample surfaces in various environments

• performance in FM-AFM experiments performed in liquids for both the NCH and USC cantilevers. High-speed FM-AFM imaging with true atomic resolution To investigate the applicability of the developed S-PLL to high-speed atomic-resolution imaging in a liquid, we imaged calcite dissolution in water. Figure 9a